Cartea al carei autor este Teodor Filip, avand titlul Adevaruri explozive, a fost publicata la Editura Obiectiv in anul 2000.
Includes the study of such topics as quantity, structure and change. Mathematicians use patterns to formulate new conjectures; when mathematical structures are good models of real phenomena mathematical reasoning can provide insight or predictions about nature. Through the use of abstraction and logic, mathematics developed from counting, calculation and the systematic study of the shapes and motions of physical objects. Practical mathematics has been a human activity from as far back; the research required to solve mathematical problems can take years or centuries of sustained inquiry. Rigorous arguments first appeared in mathematics, most notably in. Since the pioneering work of, others on axiomatic systems in the late 19th century, it has become customary to view mathematical research as establishing truth by rigorous deduction from appropriately chosen axioms and definitions. Mathematics developed at a slow pace until the, when mathematical innovations interacting with new scientific discoveries led to a rapid increase in the rate of mathematical discovery that has continued to the present day.Mathematics is essential in many fields, including natural science, medicine and the social sciences.
Applied mathematics has led to new mathematical disciplines, such as statistics and game theory. Mathematicians engage in pure mathematics without having any application in mind, but practical applications for what began as pure mathematics are discovered later; the history of mathematics can be seen as an ever-increasing series of abstractions. The first abstraction, shared by many animals, was that of numbers: the realization that a collection of two apples and a collection of two have something in common, namely quantity of their members; as evidenced by tallies found on bone, in addition to recognizing how to count physical objects, prehistoric peoples may have recognized how to count abstract quantities, like time – days, years. Evidence for more complex mathematics does not appear until around 3000 BC, when the and began using arithmetic and for taxation and other financial calculations, for building and construction, for.The most ancient mathematical texts from and are from 2000–1800 BC.
Many early texts mention Pythagorean and so, by inference, the seems to be the most ancient and widespread mathematical development after basic arithmetic and geometry, it is in Babylonian mathematics that elementary arithmetic first appear in the archaeological record. The Babylonians possessed a system, used a numeral system, still in use today for measuring angles and time. Beginning in the 6th century BC with the, the began a systematic study of mathematics as a subject in its own right with Greek mathematics. Around 300 BC, introduced the still used in mathematics today, consisting of definition, and proof, his textbook Elements is considered the most successful and influential textbook of all time. The greatest of antiquity is held to be, he developed formulas for calculating the surface area and volume of solids of revolution and used the to calculate the area under the arc of a with the, in a manner not too dissimilar from modern.Other notable achievements of Greek mathematics are conic sections, (, the beginnings of. The Hindu–Arabic numeral system and the rules for the use of its operations, in use throughout the world today, evolved over the course of the first millennium AD in and were transmitted to the Western world via Islamic mathematics. Other notable developments of Indian mathematics include the modern definition of sine and, an early form of infinite series.
During the during the 9th and 10th centuries, saw many important innovations building on Greek mathematics; the most notable achievement of Islamic mathematics was the development of algebra. Other notable achievements of the Islamic period are advances in spherical trigonometry and the addition of the decimal point to the numeral system. Many notable mathematicians from this period were, such as Al-Khwarismi,. During the early modern period, mathematics began to develop at an accelerating pace in.The development of calculus by Newton and in the 17th century revolutionized mathematics.
Was the most notable mathematician of the 18th century, contributing numerous theorems and discoveries; the foremost mathematician of the 19th century was the German mathematician, who made numerous contributions to fields such as algebra, differential geometry, matrix theory, number theory, statistics. In the early 20th century, transformed mathematics by publishing his incompleteness theorems, which show that any axiomatic system, consistent will contain unprovable propositions. Mathematics has since been extended, there has been a fruitful interaction between mathematics and science, to. The Prime Minister of the is the head of the Government of Romania. The office was styled President of the Council of Ministers, when the term 'Government' included more than the Cabinet, the Cabinet was called The Council of Ministers; the title was changed to Prime Minister by the 1965 during the communist regime. The current Prime Minister is. One of the roles of the President of the Republic is to designate a candidate for the office of Prime Minister; the President must consult with the party that has the majority in the Parliament or, if no such majority exists, with the parties represented in Parliament.
Once designated, the candidate assembles a proposal for the cabinet; the proposal must be approved by the Parliament within ten days, through a vote of confidence process. Both the program and the cabinet membership are debated by the Parliament in a joint session of the and the Senate; the proposal is accepted only if a majority of all Senators approves.Once the vote of confidence is obtained, the candidate becomes the Prime Minister and all cabinet members become Ministers. The Prime Minister, the Ministers, other members of the Government take an oath before the President, as stipulated under Article 82 of the Constitution; the Government as a whole and each of its members exercise their mandate from the date of the oath. The Prime Minister co-ordinates the activities of its members, he or she submits to the Chamber of Deputies or the Senate reports and statements on Government policy, to be debated.
As head of the government, the Prime Minister is charged with directing the internal policy of the country and leads the public administration. In this regard, the government cooperates with other interested social actors; as with any other office of public authority, the office of Prime Minister is incompatible with any other office, except that of deputy or senator and is incompatible with a professional position in a commercial organization.The term of a Prime Minister ends with the individual's resignation, dismissal following a, loss of electoral rights, incompatibility with the office, death or expiration of the term of the legislature. The Prime Minister, together with the minister tasked with the particular field of government, can sign resolutions and ordinances to take effect as executive orders the moment they are published in the, the official gazette of the Romanian state; such ordinances must be sent to the appropriate chamber of Parliament where they are discussed in an urgent manner and they are sent to the official gazette.
In case the noticed chamber does not discuss or approve said ordinance after 30 days of its arrival, the ordinance is adopted and published in the Monitor. An emergency ordinance cannot modify a constitutional law, concern the functioning of the fundamental institutions, rights or liberties. Unlike in the president-parliamentary systems, such as, the is not a subordinate of the President who cannot dismiss the Prime Minister.The President can attend the government meetings debating upon matters of national interest with regard to foreign policy, country's defense, maintenance of public order, and, at the invitation of the Prime Minister, in other instances as well. The President will always chair the government meetings.
In addition to his constitutional roles, the Prime Minister is the leader of the major party in the majority coalition that supports the government, although this is not always the case; the Government and the other bodies of administration must submit all information, reports or documents requested by the Chamber of Deputies, Senate or parliamentary committees as part of the parliamentary control of government. The members of government are allowed to attend the works of Parliament and they must do so at the request of the presidents of the chambers; the Prime Minister and the members of his Cabinet must answer all questions or brought forward by deputies or senators as under the terms laid down in the statutes of Parliament.After such interpellations, the Chamber or the Senate can adopt a simple motion to express their position towards an issue of internal or external politics. Parliament can dismiss an outgoing Prime Minister and his cabinet by adopting a motion of no confidence against the government. In order for a motion to be initiated, it must be signed by at least a quarter of deputies and senators and for it to pass, a majority of deputies and senators must vote in favour of it. After a motion of no confidence is adopted, the Prime Minister and his Cabinet are dismissed and the President must designate an individual to form a new government.
Since 1989, three Prime Ministers have been dismissed following the adoption of a motion of no confidence:,. Styled President of the Council of Ministers, the office was first created in 1862 during the reign of. Cuza, unlike other monarchs of his time, was not a hereditary ruler. In 1859 he was elected and in two separate elections, thus de facto uniting the two principalities.By 1862, he had fused the two administrations into a single government with its capital at, the new country bearing the name, but the union was in danger of being dissolved after the end of his rule. A liberal, in favour of the two great reform projec.
Known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war originating in that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Contemporaneously described as 'the war ', it led to the mobilisation of more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, making it one of the largest wars in history, it is one of the deadliest conflicts in history, with an estimated nine million combatants and seven million civilian deaths as a direct result of the war, while resulting genocides and the 1918 caused another 50 to 100 million deaths worldwide. On 28 June 1914, a Yugoslav nationalist, assassinated the heir in, leading to the. In response, on 23 July Austria-Hungary issued an ultimatum to. Serbia's reply failed to satisfy the Austrians, the two moved to a war footing. A network of interlocking alliances enlarged the crisis from a bilateral issue in the to one involving most of Europe.By July 1914, the great powers of Europe were divided into two coalitions: the Triple Entente—consisting of and Britain—and the of, Austria-Hungary. Felt it necessary to back Serbia and, after Austria-Hungary shelled the Serbian capital of on the 28th, partial mobilisation was approved.
General Russian mobilisation was announced on the evening of 30 July; when Russia failed to comply, Germany declared war on 1 August in support of Austria-Hungary, with Austria-Hungary following suit on 6th. German strategy for a war on two fronts against France and Russia was to concentrate the bulk of its army in the West to defeat France within four weeks shift forces to the East before Russia could mobilise. On 2 August, Germany demanded free passage through, an essential element in achieving a quick victory over France; when this was refused, German forces invaded Belgium on 3 August and declared war on France the same day. On 12 August and France declared war on Austria-Hungary.In November 1914, the entered the war on the side of the Alliance, opening fronts in the and the. The war was fought in and drew upon each power's colonial empire as well, spreading the conflict to Africa and across the globe; the and its allies would become known as the Allied Powers, while the grouping of Austria-Hungary and their allies would become known as the.
The German advance into France was halted at the and by the end of 1914, the settled into a battle of attrition, marked by a long series of trench lines that changed little until 1917. In 1915, Italy opened a front in the. Joined the Central Powers in 1915 and joined the Allies in 1917, expanding the war in the Balkans; the remained neutral, although by doing nothing to prevent the Allies from procuring American supplies whilst the Allied blockade prevented the Germans from doing the same the U. Became an important supplier of war material to the Allies.After the sinking of American merchant ships by German submarines, the revelation that the Germans were trying to incite to make war on the United States, the U.
Declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917. Trained American forces would not begin arriving at the front in large numbers until mid-1918, but the would reach some two million troops. Though Serbia was defeated in 1915, joined the Allied Powers in 1916 only to be defeated in 1917, none of the great powers were knocked out of the war until 1918; the 1917 February replaced the with the, but continuing discontent at the cost of the war led to the, the creation of the Soviet Socialist Republic, the signing of the by the new government in March 1918, ending Russia's involvement in the war.
This allowed the transfer of large numbers of German troops from the East to the Western Front, resulting in the German March 1918 Offensive.This offensive was successful, but the Allies rallied and drove the Germans back in their. Bulgaria was the first Central Power to sign an armistice—the on 29 September 1918. On 30 October, the Ottoman Empire capitulated. On 4 November, the agreed to the after being decisively defeated by Italy in the. With its allies defeated, revolution at home, the military no longer willing to fight, Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated on 9 November and Germany signed an armistice on 11 November 1918. Was a significant turning point in the political, cultural and social climate of the world; the war and its immediate aftermath sparked numerous uprisings. (Britain, the United States, It.
Known as, was a Romanian revolutionary, variously described as a communist and an. Born in to a Jewish family, he worked as a clerk for two years, he moved to in 1916, where he became a Communist sympathizer. Sentenced to 10 years in prison, he escaped and fled to, returning with money and new instructions, he lost a hand while doing experiments with explosives, replaced it with a hook, being known to the police as the 'man with the hook'. On 17 November 1920, Max Goldstein attempted to kill the, Romania's most vocal; the attempt, failed: the bomb placed under Argetoianu's train coach destroyed the empty half of the coach. On 8 December 1920, with the support and, organized another politically motivated bombing, their improvised explosive device, made from an unexploded German 76 mm artillery shell from, placed in front of the, killed Minister of Justice and two senators, wounded the president of the Senate,.The government alleged that their group did not act alone, that it would have had among its accomplices, a leader of the left group of the Socialist Party, which in 1921 split and formed the. The bombing was used by the Romanian government as an excuse to put into custody all known communists, who were implicated in the, ban communist political activity.
Communist leader rejected all accusations of conspiracy, the matter of the Party's involvement is still unclear. During his stand on trial, Cristescu argued that Goldstein's actions were inspired by Anarchism more than anything else. Right after the December 1920 bombing, Goldstein fled to.
In October 1921, Goldstein was arrested while trying to enter from, sentenced to life imprisonment, he died in 1924 in prison following a 32 day hunger strike. Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror among masses of people. It is used in this regard to refer to violence during peacetime or in war against; the terms 'terrorist' and 'terrorism' originated during the of the late 18th century but gained mainstream popularity in the 1970s in news reports and books covering the conflicts in, the and Palestine. The increased use of suicide attacks from the 1980s onwards was typified by the in and Washington, D. There are different definitions of terrorism. Terrorism is a charged term, it is used with the connotation of something, 'morally wrong'. Governments and non-state groups denounce opposing groups.
Varied political organizations have been accused of using terrorism to achieve their objectives; these organizations include and political organizations, nationalist groups, religious groups and ruling governments.Legislation declaring terrorism a crime has been adopted in many states. There is no consensus as to; the, maintained by the, has recorded more than 61,000 incidents of non-state terrorism, resulting in at least 140,000 deaths between 2000 and 2014. Etmologically, the word terror is derived from the verb Tersere, which becomes Terrere; the latter form appears in European languages as early as the 12th century. By 1356 the word terreur is in use. Terreur is the origin of the term terrour, which becomes the modern word 'terror'; the term terroriste, meaning 'terrorist', is first used in 1794 by the French philosopher, who denounces Maximilien Robespierre's regime as a dictatorship. In the years leading up to, the threatened with an 'exemplary, never to be forgotten vengeance: the city would be subjected to military punishment and total destruction' if the royal family was harmed, but this only increased the Revolution's will to abolish the monarchy.Some writers attitudes about French Revolution grew less favorable after the French monarchy was abolished in 1792. During the Reign of Terror, which began in July 1793 and lasted thirteen months, Paris was governed by the who oversaw a regime of mass executions and public purges.
Prior to the French Revolution, ancient philosophers wrote about, as tyranny was seen as the greatest political threat to Greco-Roman civilization. Medieval philosophers were occupied with the concept of tyranny, though the analysis of some theologians like drew a distinction between usurpers, who could be killed by anyone, legitimate rulers who abused their power – the latter, in Aquinas' view, could only be punished by a public authority.
Was the first medieval Christian scholar. Most scholars today trace the origins of the modern tactic of terrorism to the Jewish who attacked and Jews in 1st century Palestine, they follow its development from the Order of Assassins through to 19th-century.The ' is regarded as an issue of etymology. The term terrorism has been used to describe violence by non-state actors rather than government violence since the 19th-century Anarchist Movement. In December 1795, used the word 'Terrorists' in a description of the new French government called'Directory': At length, after a terrible struggle, the Troops prevailed over the Citizens To secure them further, they have a strong corps of irregulars, ready armed. Thousands of those Hell-hounds called Terrorists, whom they had shut up in Prison on their last Revolution, as the Satellites of Tyranny, are let loose on the people; the terms 'terrorism' and 'terrorist' gained renewed currency in the 1970s as a result of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, the Northern Ireland conflict, the conflict, the operations of groups such as the. Was described as a terrorist in a 1970 number of Life magazine.
A number of books on terrorism were published in the 1970s.The topic came further to the fore after the and again after the 2001 September 11 attacks and the. There are over 109 different definitions of terrorism.
American political philosopher in 2002 wrote: 'Terrorism is the deliberate killing of innocent people, at random, to spread fear through a whole population and force the hand of its political leaders'., an American scholar, has noted that It is not only individual agencies within the same governmental apparatus that cannot agree on a single definition of terrorism. Experts and other long-established scholars in the field are incapable of reaching a consensus. Coady has written that the question of how to define terrorism is 'irresolvable' because 'its natural home is in polemical and propagandist contexts'. French historian Sophie Wahnich distinguishes between the revolutionary terror of the and the terrorists of the: Revolutionary terror is not terrorism.To make a moral equivalence between the Revolution's year II and September 2001 is historical and philosophical nonsense. The violence exercised on 11 September 2001 aimed neither at liberty.
Nor did the preventive war announced by the.